The tansport

السلام عليكم
(أرجو الرد)

Transport








Transport or transportation is the movement of people
and goods
from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans
("across") and portare ("to carry"). Industries
which have the business of providing equipment, actual transport, or goods and
services used in transport of goods or people make up a large broad and
important sector of most national economies, and are collectively referred to as
transport industries.



Aspects of
transport


The field of transport has several
aspects: loosely they can be divided into a triad of infrastructure,
vehicles,
and operations. Infrastructure includes the
transport networks (roads, railways,
airways, waterways,
canals,
pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the
nodes or terminals (such as airports, railway stations, bus stations
and seaports).
The vehicles generally ride on the networks, such as automobiles,
bicycles,
buses, trains, aircrafts. The operations deal with the way the
vehicles are operated on the network and the procedures set for this purpose
including the legal environment [(Laws, Codes, Regulations, etc.)]. Policies,
such as how to finance
the system (for example, the use of tolls
or gasoline taxes)
may be considered part of the operations.


Broadly speaking, the design of
networks are the domain of civil engineering
and urban planning,
the design of vehicles of mechanical engineering and specialized
subfields such as nautical engineering and aerospace engineering, and the operations are
usually specialized, though might appropriately belong to operations research or systems engineering.


Modes and categories


Modes are combinations of networks,
vehicles,
and operations, and include walking,
the road transport
system, rail transport, ship transport
and modern aviation.


Categories of transport


·
(Non-human) Animal-powered transport


·
Aviation


·
Cable transport


·
Conveyor transport


·
Human-powered transport


·
Hybrid transport


·
New Mobility Agenda


·
Ship transport


·
Space transport


·
Sustainable transportation


·
Transport on other planets


·
Proposed future transport


(Non-human) animal-powered transport is a broad category of
the human
use of non-human working animals (also known as "beasts of
burden") for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the
larger of these animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods,
or harness them, singly or in teams,
to pull (or haul) sleds
or wheeled vehicles.


Air transport


A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane
or aeroplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the wings in
relation to the aircraft is not used to generate lift. The term is used to
distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the
lift surfaces relative to the aircraft generates lift. A more rare type of
aircraft that is neither fixed-wing nor rotary-wing is an ornithopter.
A heliplane
is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing.








Fixed-wing aircraft include a large
range of craft from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners
and military cargo aircraft. Some aircraft use fixed wings to provide lift only
part of the time and may or may not be referred to as fixed-wing.


The current term also embraces aircraft
with folding wings that are intended to fold when on the ground. This is usually
to ease storage or facilitate transport on, for example, a vehicle trailer or
the powered lift connecting the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier
to its flight deck. It also embraces aircraft, such as the General Dynamics F-111, Grumman
F-14 Tomcat
and the Panavia
Tornado,
which can vary the sweep angle of their wings during flight. These aircraft are
termed "variable geometry" aircraft. When the wings of these aircraft
are fully swept, usually for high speed cruise, the trailing edges of their
wings about the leading edges of their tailplanes, giving an impression of a
single delta wing
if viewed in plan. There are also rare examples of aircraft which can vary the angle of incidence of their wings in flight,
such the F-8 Crusader, which are also considered to be
"fixed-wing".


Two necessities for all fixed-wing
aircraft (as well as rotary-wing aircraft) are air flow over the wings for
lifting of the aircraft, and an open area for landing. The majority of
aircraft, however, also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive
maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew,
cargo and/or passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off
on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.


The aircraft is the second fastest
method of transport, after the rocket.
Commercial jet aircraft can reach up to 875 km/h. Single-engined
aircraft are capable of reaching 175 km/h or more at cruise speed. Supersonic
aircraft (military, research and a few private aircraft) can reach speeds
faster than sound. The record is currently held by the SR-71 with a speed of 3,529.56 km/h.


Rail


Rail transport
is the transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads.
A typical railway (or railroad) track consists of two parallel steel (or in older
networks, iron) rails,
generally anchored perpendicular to beams (termed sleepers or ties)
of timber,
concrete,
or steel
to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge.
The rails and perpendicular beams are usually then placed on a foundation made
of concrete or compressed earth
and gravel
in a bed of ballast to prevent the track from buckling
(bending out of its original configuration) as the ground settles over time
beneath and under the weight of the vehicles passing above. The vehicles
traveling on the rails are arranged in a train; a series of
individual powered or unpowered vehicles linked together, displaying markers.
These vehicles (referred to, in general, as cars, carriages or wagons) move
with much less friction than on rubber tires on a paved road, and the locomotive
that pulls the train tends to use energy far more efficiently as a result.








In rail transport, a train consists of rail
vehicles that move along guides to transport freight or passengers from one
place to another. The guideway (permanent way)
usually consists of conventional rail tracks,
but might also be monorail or maglev. Propulsion for the train is
provided by a separate locomotive, or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units.
Most trains are powered by diesel engines or by electricity
supplied by trackside systems. Historically the steam engine
was the dominant form of locomotive power through the mid-20th century,
but other sources of power (such as horses,
rope (or wire), gravity,
pneumatics,
or gas turbines)
are possible.


Road transport





An automobile
is a wheeled
passenger
vehicle
that carries its own motor. Different types of automobiles include cars, buses, trucks, and vans. Some include motorcycles
in the category, but cars are the most typical automobiles. As of 2002 there
were 372 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car for every ten
people), of which 170 million in the U.S.
(roughly one car for every two people) [1].


The automobile was thought of as an
environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced in the
1890s. Before its introduction, in New York City
alone, more than 1,800 tons of manure
had to be removed from the streets daily, although the manure was used as
natural fertilizer
for crops
and to build top soil. In 2006, the automobile is recognized as one of the
primary sources of world-wide air pollution
and a cause of substantial noise pollution
and adverse health effects.


·
Bus


·
Road train


·
Semi-trailer truck


·
Truck


·
Limousine


·
Taxicab


·
Share taxi


·
Carpooling


Water transport


A watercraft
is a vehicle
designed to float on and move across (or through) water for pleasure,
physical exercise (in the case of many small boats), transporting people and/or
goods, or military missions.


The common need for buoyancy unites
all watercraft, and makes each one's hull a dominant aspect of its construction,
maintenance, and appearance.


Most watercraft
would be described as either ships
or boats;
although nearly all ships are larger than nearly all boats, the distinction
between those two categories is not one of size per se.


A rule of thumb
says "a boat can fit on a ship, but a ship can't fit on a boat", and
a ship usually has sufficient size to carry its own boats, such as lifeboats,
dinghies,
or runabouts.


Often local law and regulation will
define the exact size (or the number of masts)
that distinguishes a ship from boats.


Traditionally submarines
were called "boats", perhaps reflecting their cramped conditions:
small size reduces the need for power, and thus the need to surface or snorkel
for a supply of the air that running diesel engines requires; in contrast,
nuclear-powered submarines' reactors
supply abundant power without consuming air, and such craft are large, much
roomier, and classed as ships.


Another definition says a ship is any
floating craft that transports cargo for the purpose of earning revenue; in
that context, passenger ships transport "supercargo", another name
for passengers or persons not working on board. However, neither fishing boats
nor ferries
are considered ships, though both carry cargo (their catch of the day or
passengers) (and for that matter lifeboats).


English seldom uses the term watercraft
to describe any specific individual object (and probably then only as an
affectation): rather the term serves to unify the category that ranges from
small boats
to the largest ships,
and also includes the diverse watercraft for which some term even more specific
than ship or boat (e.g., canoe, kayak, raft, barge, jet ski)
comes to mind first. (Some of these would even be considered at best
questionable as examples of boats.)

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